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<title>Subtext</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Subtext</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Subtext_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Subtext (disambiguation)">Subtext (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p>In any communication, in any medium or format, "<b>subtext</b>" is the underlying or implicit meaning that, while not explicitly stated, is understood by an audience.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> defines it as "an underlying and often distinct theme in a conversation, piece of writing, etc.",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while according to <a href="Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>, subtext is "the implicit or metaphorical meaning (as of a literary text)".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>These definitions highlight that subtext involves themes or messages that are not directly conveyed, but can be inferred.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="About_subtext">About subtext</h2></div>

<p>Subtext is content "sub" i.e. "under" (with the sense of "hidden beneath") the verbatim wording; readers or audience must "gather" subtext "reading between the lines" or <a href="Inference" title="Inference">inferring meaning</a>, a process needed for a clear and complete understanding of the text. A meaning stated explicitly is, by definition not subtext (for lack of hiding), and writers may be criticized for failure artfully to create and use subtext; such works may be faulted as too "on the nose", with the characters meaning what they literally have said, undermining <a href="Dramatic_tension" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic tension">dramatic tension</a>, and leaving the work too prosaic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Subtext also may be included in the action of <a href="Narrative" title="Narrative">narratives</a>, with secondary themes expressed in order to appeal to a general audience. Such approaches to sexual or otherwise more adult story-content, in works accessible to the young, often fails to "register" for the young reader, though adults will catch the child-invisible nuances.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats_for_creating_subtext">Formats for creating subtext</h2></div>

<p>Below are the main types of subtext that are used in film:

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<ul><li>Have a character comment on an aspect of another person's relationship which is present in the relationship of the people in the current conversation.</li>

<li>Body language communicates subtext. Body language is often used to convey whether a character is welcoming or threatening.</li>

<li>Implied accusations, often communicated through leading questions, are a form of subtext. For example, when a lawyer asks you "what were you doing on the night of the 23rd", that is an implied accusation.</li>

<li>Facial expressions and voice tone express many things including discontent and suspicion. For example, a quiet one-word answer to a question implies that the speaker is lying and that they do not want to say the true answer.</li>

<li>The subtext of how much people care for each other can be communicated by showing the amount of care, interest, and attentiveness people have for each other's opinions, desires, and character traits.</li></ul>

<p>Linguistic <a href="Implicature" title="Implicature">implicature</a> studies the kinds of subtext that are often used within language itself. <a href="Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> utilized subtext in his works.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The modern concept of subtext in acting was developed significantly by Russian theatre practitioner <b><a href="Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Konstantin Stanislavski</a></b>, who popularized the idea of unspoken intentions and internal motivations beneath dialogue<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/subtext" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/subtext">subtext</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Subtext" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Subtext">Subtext</a></b></i>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Concision" title="Concision">Concision</a> – Writing principle of eliminating redundancy</li>

<li><a href="Connotation" title="Connotation">Connotation</a> – Cultural or emotional association</li>

<li><a href="Dramatic_irony" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic irony">Dramatic irony</a> – Literary and rhetorical device or general attitude towards life<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Iceberg_theory" title="Iceberg theory">Iceberg theory</a> – Writing technique coined by American writer Ernest Hemingway</li>

<li><a href="Innuendo" title="Innuendo">Innuendo</a> – Suggestive remark</li>

<li><a href="Implicature" title="Implicature">Implication</a> – Information conveyed verbally yet not literally</li>

<li><a href="Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a> – Communication about how information is meant to be interpreted</li>

<li><a href="Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a> – Branch of linguistics and semiotics relating context to meaning</li>

<li><a href="Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a> – Utterance that serves a performative function</li>

<li><a href="Stanislavski's_system" title="Stanislavski's system">Stanislavski's system</a> – System to train actors</li>

<li><a href="Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a> – Hiding messages in other messages</li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPernot2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Pernot_(hell%C3%A9niste)" class="extiw external" title="fr:Laurent Pernot (helléniste)">Pernot, Laurent</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (2021) [2018]. "Preface". <i>The Subtle Subtext: Hidden Meanings in Literature and Life</i>. Translated by Higgins, W. E. University Park, Pennsylvania: <a href="Penn_State_University_Press" title="Penn State University Press">Penn State University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">vii–</span>x. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-271-09197-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/subtext_n?tab=meaning_and_use#20129468">"Subtext, N., Sense 2"</a></span>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. July 2023. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F5646349087">10.1093/OED/5646349087</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subtext">"subtext noun"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 15 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSeger2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Linda_Seger" title="Linda Seger">Seger, Linda</a> (November 1, 2011). "Chapter 1: Subtext: Definition and Exploration". <i>Writing Subtext</i>. Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Production. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-932907-96-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4825/the-art-of-fiction-no-21-ernest-hemingway">"Ernest Hemingway, The Art of Fiction No. 21"</a>. Vol. Spring 1958, no. 18. 1958. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2037">0031-2037</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedetti, Jean. <i>Stanislavski: An Introduction</i>. Routledge, 2004</span>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Nonverbal_communication97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modalities97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modalities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li>

<li><a href="Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li>

<li><a href="Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li>

<li><a href="Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li>

<li><a href="Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a>

<li><a href="Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li>

<li><a href="Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li>

<li><a href="Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li>

<li><a href="Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li>

<li><a href="Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li>

<li><a href="Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li>

<li><a href="Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li>

<li><a href="Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li>

<li><a href="Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li>

<li><a href="High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li>

<li><a href="One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a>

<ul><li><a href="Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li>

<li><a href="Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li>

<li><a href="Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_academic_language_proficiency" title="Cognitive academic language proficiency">Cognitive academic language proficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li>

<li><a href="People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li>

<li><a href="Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li>

<li><a href="Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li>

<li><a href="Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li>

<li><a href="Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li>

<li><a href="Advertising_research" title="Advertising research">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li>

<li><a href="Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral communication">Behavioral communication</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li>

<li><a href="Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign lexicons</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Verbal communication</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual-tactile verbal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tadoma" title="Tadoma">Tadoma</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mimoplastic_art" title="Mimoplastic art">Mimoplastic art</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Subtext&oldid=1302949851">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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